MODULE 1.docx

# Computer hardware components This section details the fundamental physical parts of a computer, including the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), and input/storage devices. ## 1. Computer hardware components Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that you can touch or interact with tangibly. ### 1.1 Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer, serving as the central hub where most of the other components and peripherals are connected. ### 1.2 Central processing unit (CPU) The CPU is the central component and often referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is responsible for executing all functions and processes performed on the computer. #### 1.2.1 Processor speed Processor speed is a key factor determining a computer's performance. It is measured by the number of cycles the CPU can perform per second. #### 1.2.2 How a processor works The operation of a processor involves a four-step cycle: 1. **Fetching:** Retrieving an instruction or data from memory. 2. **Decoding:** Translating the fetched instruction into signals that the computer can execute. 3. **Executing:** Carrying out the command specified by the instruction. 4. **Storing:** Writing the result of the execution back to memory. ### 1.3 Input devices Input devices are used to provide data and send instructions to the computer. #### 1.3.1 Keyboard A keyboard is a device used for inputting text and characters by pressing buttons, similar to a typewriter. #### 1.3.2 Pointing devices Pointing devices are used to interact with graphical user interfaces. Examples include: * **Optical Mouse:** Utilizes lasers or LEDs to track movement on a surface, translating it into cursor movements on the screen. * **Trackball:** A pointing device with an exposed ball that detects rotation to control cursor movement. * **Touchscreen:** A computer screen that can be operated by touch with a finger or stylus. #### 1.3.3 Game controller An input device used with video games and entertainment systems. This category can include gamepads, joysticks, steering wheels, and paddle controllers, in addition to keyboards and mice. ### 1.4 Storage devices (secondary memory) Storage devices are non-volatile, meaning they retain data even when the power is turned off. They allow for long-term storage of data and information. #### 1.4.1 Hard disk drive (HDD) The main, large data storage area within a computer. HDDs are used to store the operating system, application programs, and user data. #### 1.4.2 Solid state drive (SSD) SSDs are non-volatile storage devices that offer several advantages over HDDs, including: * Noiseless operation. * More energy efficiency. * Producing less heat. #### 1.4.3 Tape drive Used for long-term storage and backups, tape drives can store significant amounts of data, potentially up to 100 terabytes. #### 1.4.4 Optical media * **Compact Disc (CD):** A common type of removable media suitable for music and data, with a storage capacity of around 700 megabytes. * **Digital Versatile Disc (DVD):** Similar in size to a CD but with a larger storage capacity. Commonly used for transferring digital video and data storage. * **Blu-ray Disc (BD):** Available in single-layered (25 gigabytes) and dual-layered (50 gigabytes) formats. #### 1.4.5 Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive These drives are typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable, with capacities ranging from hundreds of megabytes to tens of gigabytes. #### 1.4.6 External hard disk External hard drives offer large storage capacities, ranging from 500 gigabytes to 10 terabytes. #### 1.4.7 Units of memory capacity * **Bit:** The smallest unit of data in a computer, capable of holding a single binary value (0 or 1). ### 1.5 Software Software consists of the instructions (programs) that make a computer function. It is typically stored on a hard disk, CD, DVD, or USB flash drive and loaded into RAM when needed. #### 1.5.1 Utilities software Utilities software adds functionality to a computer and helps it perform better. This category includes applications for antivirus protection, backup, disk repair, file management, and file compression. Some utilities are integrated into the operating system, while others are installed separately (e.g., WinZip, WinRAR, McAfee). #### 1.5.2 Device driver A device driver is a type of system software designed to enable interaction between a hardware device and the operating system or programs that use it. Examples include drivers for printers, graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, and modems. #### 1.5.3 Installing and uninstalling software Software can be installed from physical media like discs or USB flash drives, or downloaded from the web. Uninstalling software applications is also a standard procedure. #### 1.5.4 Software copyright Software copyright is used by proprietary software companies to prevent the unauthorized copying of their products. ##### 1.5.4.1 End-User License Agreement (EULA) A EULA is a legal contract between the software manufacturer and the end user, outlining the terms of use for an application. ##### 1.5.4.2 Shareware Shareware is proprietary software provided to users on a trial basis without initial payment. The software may cease to function after the trial period ends unless a license is purchased. Examples include Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop. ##### 1.5.4.3 Freeware Freeware is software that is fully functional for an unlimited time and can be used at no cost. Examples include Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome. ##### 1.5.4.4 Proprietary software Proprietary software is copyrighted and has restrictions imposed by its publisher, vendor, or developer regarding its use, distribution, and modification. ##### 1.5.4.5 Open source software Open source software is developed collaboratively by many individuals and distributed with rights granted to use, modify, and share the software in both its original and modified forms. Open Office is an example. ### 1.6 Choosing the right computer Selecting the optimal computer depends on several factors, including the operating system, computer size, hard drive capacity, processor speed, and the availability of hardware and software. #### 1.6.1 Factors considered when buying a computer When purchasing a computer, it is important to consider: * **Usability:** Ease of use. * **Price:** The cost of the device. * **Operating System:** The platform it runs on. * **Processor:** The speed and capability of the CPU. * **Random Access Memory (RAM):** The amount of primary memory available. * **Storage:** The capacity and type of storage devices. * **Brand:** The reputation and reliability of the manufacturer. ### 1.7 Ergonomics Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit the worker. It is crucial for preventing Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI), which can lead to long-term disability. Proper ergonomic practices include: * Ensuring adequate lighting and ventilation. * Using a comfortable and adjustable chair. * Selecting a monitor with suitable size, brightness, and contrast. * Taking regular short breaks. Failure to implement ergonomic principles can result in issues such as repetitive strain injury, back and neck pain, joint pain, muscle stiffness, computer vision syndrome, and headaches. --- # Computer software and its types Computer software refers to the non-physical instructions and programs that enable a computer to perform tasks and function. ### 2.1 System software System software is a class of computer programs designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. #### 2.1.1 Operating system The operating system (OS) is the core system software that manages computer hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, providing essential services such as process management, memory management, file management, and device management. #### 2.1.2 Utility software Utility software enhances the functionality of a computer and helps it perform better. These programs are designed to assist in the maintenance, management, and optimization of computer systems. Common types of utility software include: * **Antivirus software:** Detects and removes malicious software (malware). * **Backup software:** Creates copies of data to protect against loss. * **Disk repair utilities:** Help to identify and fix errors on storage devices. * **File management tools:** Organize, locate, and manage files and folders. * **File compression utilities:** Reduce the size of files for easier storage and transmission. > **Tip:** Some utility software is built into the operating system, while others need to be installed separately. Examples of third-party utility software include WinZip, WinRAR, and McAfee. #### 2.1.3 Device drivers A device driver is a special type of system software that enables the interaction between a hardware device and the operating system or other software that uses it. Drivers translate general commands from the OS into specific instructions that the hardware can understand. > **Example:** Drivers are essential for hardware components such as printers, graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards to function correctly with the computer. ### 2.2 Installing and uninstalling software Software can be installed onto a computer from various sources, including physical media like discs or USB flash drives, and downloaded from the internet. Uninstalling software removes it from the system, often reverting changes made during installation. ### 2.3 Software copyright and licensing Software copyright is used by proprietary software companies to protect their intellectual property and prevent unauthorized copying. #### 2.3.1 End-user license agreement (EULA) An EULA is a legal contract between the software developer/publisher and the end user, outlining the terms of use, distribution, and modification of the software. #### 2.3.2 Shareware Shareware is proprietary software that is distributed to users for a trial period without payment. After the trial period expires, the user is typically required to purchase a license to continue using the software. > **Example:** Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop are often distributed as shareware. #### 2.3.3 Freeware Freeware is software that is fully functional and can be used for an unlimited time without any cost. > **Example:** Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome are examples of freeware. #### 2.3.4 Proprietary software Proprietary software is copyrighted and has restrictions on its use, distribution, and modification imposed by its publisher, vendor, or developer. #### 2.3.5 Open source software Open source software is developed collaboratively by many individuals and is distributed with rights that allow users to use, modify, and share the software in its original or modified forms. > **Example:** OpenOffice is an example of open source software. --- # Choosing and using a computer This section provides guidance on selecting the appropriate computer based on various factors and introduces the principles of ergonomics for safe and comfortable computer use. ### 3.1 Choosing the right computer Selecting the optimal computer depends on several key factors that align with your needs and preferences. #### 3.1.1 Factors to consider when buying a computer When purchasing a computer, several crucial elements must be taken into account to ensure it meets your requirements effectively. * **Usability:** The ease with which a user can operate and interact with the computer. * **Price:** The cost of the computer, which can vary significantly based on specifications and brand. * **Operating System (OS):** The fundamental software that manages the computer's hardware and software resources, providing a user interface. * **Processor:** The central processing unit (CPU), often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions. Its speed and capabilities significantly impact performance. * **Random Access Memory (RAM):** A type of computer memory that can be read from and written to while in use. It's crucial for multitasking and running applications smoothly. * **Storage:** The capacity to store data and programs, which can be achieved through various devices like hard drives and solid-state drives. * **Brand:** The manufacturer of the computer, which can influence reliability, customer support, and perceived quality. ### 3.2 Ergonomics Ergonomics is the scientific discipline focused on designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit the worker. This is essential for preventing Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI), which can develop over time and lead to long-term disability. #### 3.2.1 Principles for safe and comfortable computer use To ensure a safe and comfortable computing experience and to mitigate potential health issues, several ergonomic principles should be observed. * **Adequate lighting and ventilation:** The workspace should be well-lit to reduce eye strain and have proper ventilation for comfort. * **Comfortable and adjustable chair:** A chair that provides good lumbar support and can be adjusted to the user's height and posture is vital. * **Suitable monitor:** The monitor should be of an appropriate size, with adjustable brightness and contrast to minimize eye fatigue. * **Regular short breaks:** Taking frequent, short breaks during extended computer use is crucial to prevent muscle stiffness and fatigue. #### 3.2.2 Common ergonomic-related issues Neglecting proper posture and workstation setup can lead to several physical ailments. * **Repetitive strain injury (RSI):** Injuries caused by repetitive movements and overuse of muscles and tendons. * **Back and neck pain:** Often a consequence of poor posture and prolonged sitting without adequate support. * **Joint pain and muscle stiffness:** Can result from static postures and repetitive motions. * **Computer vision syndrome:** A group of eye and vision related problems resulting from prolonged computer use. * **Headaches:** Can be triggered by eye strain, poor lighting, or stress associated with computer work. --- ## Common mistakes to avoid - Review all topics thoroughly before exams - Pay attention to formulas and key definitions - Practice with examples provided in each section - Don't memorize without understanding the underlying concepts

| Term | Definition | |------|------------| | Computer | An electronic machine that accepts data, stores and processes it according to instructions (programs) to produce results (information). | | Personal Computer (or Microcomputer) | A personal computer designed for individual use, which can be a desktop, laptop, tablet, or smartphone. | | Desktop Computer | A personal computer designed to be placed on a desk. | | Laptop Computer | A portable computer with an integrated screen and keyboard, designed for mobility. | | Tablet Computer | A handheld computer that is more portable than a laptop, typically featuring a touchscreen interface. | | Smartphone | A mobile phone with significantly enhanced computing capabilities, featuring a touch-sensitive screen and advanced functionalities. | | Server | A software or hardware device that accepts and responds to requests made over a network, responsible for network functions. | | Mainframe Computer | A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. | | Supercomputer | The fastest and most powerful type of computer available. | | Hardware | The physical component of a computer that can be touched or interacted with in a tangible way. | | Motherboard | The main circuit board of a computer, where most of the other parts and peripherals are connected. | | Central Processing Unit (CPU) | The central component of the computer system, often referred to as the brain of the computer, responsible for executing all functions and processes. | | Processor Speed | A factor that determines computer performance, measured by the number of cycles the CPU can execute per second. | | Fetching | The process of retrieving an instruction or data from the computer's memory. | | Decoding | The process of translating a fetched instruction into signals that the computer can execute. | | Executing | The process of carrying out the command represented by a decoded instruction. | | Storing | The process of writing the result of an operation back to the computer's memory. | | Input Devices | Devices used to provide data and send instructions to the computer. | | Keyboard | A device used to input text and characters by pressing buttons, similar to a typewriter. | | Optical Mouse | A pointing device that uses lasers or LEDs to track movement on a surface, translating it into cursor movements on the screen. | | Trackball | A pointing device consisting of an exposed ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes to control the cursor. | | Touchscreen | A computer screen that allows interaction by touching it with a finger or stylus instead of a mouse and keyboard. | | Game Controller | An input device used with video games or entertainment systems, which can include gamepads, joysticks, and steering wheels. | | Storage Devices (secondary memory) | Devices used for long-term storage of data that are non-volatile, meaning they are not affected by power interruptions. | | Hard Disk Drive (HDD) | The main, large data storage area within a computer, used to store the operating system, application programs, and user data. | | Solid State Drive (SSD) | A non-volatile storage device that offers advantages such as no noise, greater energy efficiency, and less heat production compared to HDDs. | | Tape Drive | A storage device primarily used for long-term storage and backups, capable of storing very large amounts of data. | | Compact Disc (CD) | A common type of removable media suitable for music and data, typically with a memory size of 700 MB. | | Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) | A popular type of removable media with the same dimensions as a CD but storing more information, commonly used for transferring digital video and data storage. | | Blu-ray Disc (BD) Drive | A drive for reading Blu-ray discs, which can have single or dual layers and store 25 GB or 50 GB of data respectively. | | Universal Serial Bus (USB) Flash Drive | A typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable storage device with capacities ranging from hundreds of megabytes to tens of gigabytes. | | External Hard Disk | A portable hard disk drive with capacities ranging from 500 GB to 10 TB, used for additional storage. | | Bit | The smallest unit of data in a computer, which can hold a single binary value of either 0 or 1. | | Software | The instructions (programs) that make a computer work. | | Utilities Software | Software designed to add functionality to a computer, help it perform better, and includes applications like antivirus, backup, and disk repair tools. | | Antivirus | A type of utility software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software from a computer. | | Backup | A process of creating copies of data or files to protect against loss or corruption. | | Disk Repair | Utility software designed to scan for and fix errors on a computer's storage drives. | | File Management | The process of organizing, storing, retrieving, and managing computer files and directories. | | Files Compression | The process of reducing the size of a file to save storage space or facilitate faster transfer. | | Device Driver | A type of system software designed to enable interaction between a hardware device and the operating system or programs that use it. | | Software Copyright | Legal protection granted to software developers to prevent unauthorized copying, distribution, and modification of their software. | | End-User License Agreement (EULA) | A legal contract between the software manufacturer or author and the end user, outlining the terms of software use. | | Shareware | Proprietary software provided to users without payment on a trial basis, requiring a license purchase for continued use after the trial period. | | Freeware | Software that is fully functional for an unlimited time without any cost to the user. | | Proprietary Software | Software that is copyrighted and has restrictions on its use, distribution, and modification imposed by its publisher or developer. | | Open Source Software | Software made collaboratively and distributed in a way that grants users the rights to use, modify, and share it in its original or modified form. | | Operating System | The primary software that manages a computer's hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. | | Random Access Memory (RAM) | A type of computer memory that can be read from and written to, used for temporary storage of data and programs that are actively in use. | | Ergonomics | The science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit the worker, aimed at preventing injuries and promoting well-being. | | Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) | An injury caused by repetitive movements or prolonged static postures, often associated with computer use. | | Computer Vision Syndrome | A group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer use. |