Woordenlijst.pdf

# Introduction to a new job and workplace This study guide section covers essential vocabulary and phrases for navigating the initial stages of a new job and workplace, including introductions, office navigation, and fostering a welcoming environment for new staff. ## 1. A new job ### 1.1 Vocabulary – ‘is this your first day?’ This subsection introduces key vocabulary related to starting a new role, particularly for recent graduates or new hires. #### 1.1.1 General vocabulary * **Guided**: supervised or accompanied [2](#page=2). * **Induction**: an introductory process for new employees [2](#page=2). * **Graduate**: someone who has successfully completed a university degree [2](#page=2). * **Introduce**: to present someone to another person, or to present oneself [2](#page=2). * **Information**: facts provided or learned about something or someone [2](#page=2). * **Recruit**: to enlist someone as a member or worker [2](#page=2). #### 1.1.2 Collocations and definitions * **Collocation**: a combination of words that are often used together, e.g., "strong coffee" [2](#page=2). * **Information pack**: a collection of papers or a book providing details about a company [2](#page=2). * **Introduce yourself**: to state your name to someone for the first time [2](#page=2). * **Guided tour**: a walk-through of a place where someone explains what you are seeing [2](#page=2). * **Induction programme**: a series of presentations designed to inform new employees about the company [2](#page=2). * **Graduate trainee**: an employee who has recently completed university and is undergoing training [2](#page=2). * **New recruit**: a recently hired employee [2](#page=2). * **Trainee**: an individual undergoing training for a particular job [2](#page=2). * **Trainee solicitor**: a new employee in a legal firm who is still in training [2](#page=2). #### 1.1.3 Related terms * **Boss**: a person in charge of a worker or organization [2](#page=2). * **Career**: the series of jobs that a person has had throughout their working life [2](#page=2). * **Tour**: a journey made for pleasure in which several different places are visited [2](#page=2). * **Joined**: became a member of or participant in [2](#page=2). * **Colleagues**: people with whom one works, especially in a profession or business [2](#page=2). * **Resources**: assets or supplies available for use [2](#page=2). * **Director**: a member of the board of directors of a company [2](#page=2). * **Pack**: a container or package [2](#page=2). * **Staff**: a group of people who work for an organization or business [2](#page=2). #### 1.1.4 Further vocabulary * **Company**: a commercial business [2](#page=2). * **Employee**: a person employed for wages or salary [2](#page=2). * **Degree**: a qualification awarded on the completion of a university course [3](#page=3). * **Experience**: practical contact with and observation of facts or events [3](#page=3). * **Challenge**: a task or situation that tests someone's abilities [3](#page=3). * **Colleague**: a person with whom one works [3](#page=3). * **Graduate**: someone who has completed a degree [3](#page=3). * **Interview**: a meeting at which someone is asked questions to see if they are suitable for a job or course [3](#page=3). ### 1.2 To show round a new colleague This section focuses on vocabulary and phrases used when giving a new colleague a tour of the workplace. #### 1.2.1 Workplace areas * **Production area**: the part of a factory or plant where goods are manufactured [3](#page=3). * **Finance Manager’s office**: the office belonging to the manager of the finance department [3](#page=3). * **Car park**: an area where vehicles can be left [3](#page=3). * **Canteen**: a restaurant or dining hall, especially in a factory or office building [3](#page=3). * **Sales and Marketing**: the departments responsible for selling products or services and promoting them [3](#page=3). * **Warehouse**: a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods are stored [3](#page=3). #### 1.2.2 Directions * **On the left**: situated to the left side [3](#page=3). * **Turn right**: change direction to the right [3](#page=3). * **Go straight ahead/on**: continue moving forward without turning [3](#page=3). * **On the right**: situated to the right side [3](#page=3). #### 1.2.3 Additional useful phrases * **Into**: used to indicate movement or direction towards the inside of something [3](#page=3). * **In**: preposition used to indicate location within a defined space [3](#page=3). * **To pop by**: a phrasal verb meaning to visit a place briefly [3](#page=3). * **I will meet you back**: a phrase indicating a future meeting at a specific time or place [3](#page=3). * **Elevator**: a passenger lift [3](#page=3). * **Warehouse**: can also refer to a large retail store [3](#page=3). * **Purchasing**: the act of buying goods or services [3](#page=3). * **PA (Personal Assistant)**: an assistant who provides administrative support to a particular person [3](#page=3). * **Insurance company**: a company that provides insurance policies [3](#page=3). ### 1.3 Listening/speaking: how to make new staff feel welcome? This subsection explores language used to create a welcoming atmosphere for new employees. #### 1.3.1 Modal verbs for past possibilities and advice * **They could have + past participle**: used to discuss a possibility that did not happen in the past [4](#page=4). * **They should have + past participle**: used to offer advice or criticism about something that was not done in the past. This can also be used to criticize something for not having been done [4](#page=4). #### 1.3.2 Informal expressions * **I have not (got) a clue**: an informal way to say "I do not know" [4](#page=4). #### 1.3.3 General vocabulary * **The corridor**: a long passage in a building from which doors lead into rooms [4](#page=4). * **To sit on a chair**: the action of resting on a seat [4](#page=4). * **To work at a desk**: the action of performing tasks while positioned at a desk [4](#page=4). ### 1.4 First impressions This section deals with how individuals and companies make initial judgments. #### 1.4.1 Starting questions * **To remedy**: to put something right or correct a problem [4](#page=4). * **What gives us a first impression of a company or person?**: This question probes the factors that shape our initial perceptions [4](#page=4). #### 1.4.2 Factors influencing first impressions of a company or person * **Uniform**: a distinctive set of clothes worn by members of the same organization or group [4](#page=4). * **Office/ business premises**: the buildings and land used by a company for its business activities [4](#page=4). * **Website**: a set of related web pages located under a single domain name [4](#page=4). * **Reception area**: the space where visitors are greeted when they enter a building [4](#page=4). * **Reputation**: the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something [4](#page=4). * **Advertisement in the media**: promotional messages published or broadcast through various communication channels [4](#page=4). * **Price**: the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something [4](#page=4). * **Telephone answering system**: an automated system that answers calls when no one is available [4](#page=4). #### 1.4.3 Virtual impressions - reading * **To come across**: a phrasal verb meaning to give a particular impression or have a particular quality. It can also mean "to come over as" [4](#page=4). * **To take a dislike to someone**: to start to dislike someone [4](#page=4). #### 1.4.4 Collocations * Collocations are word pairings that frequently appear together, enhancing natural language use [4](#page=4). --- # Personal introductions and professional identity This section outlines key elements for introducing oneself, covering details such as spelling names, discussing age, nationality, civil status, profession, and personal appearance, along with personal qualities relevant in a professional context. ### 2.1 Introducing yourself #### 2.1.1 Spelling your name When introducing yourself, it is crucial to be able to spell your name accurately. This involves knowing the English alphabet and how to communicate potential ambiguities. You can ask for clarification using phrases like "Could you spell that, please?" or "How do you spell that?". When spelling, it is important to enunciate each letter clearly. Some letters, like 'A' and 'E', or 'V' and 'W', can sound similar and require careful pronunciation [5](#page=5). * **Diacritics:** While not frequent in English, diacritics like diaeresis (e.g., Zoë), acute accents (e.g., Stéphanie), and circumflex accents (e.g., Hélène, 'ê') may be encountered when spelling foreign names [5](#page=5). * **Common Spelling Clarifications:** Instead of spelling out every letter, you can use descriptive phrases for common situations: * Hyphenated names: "Mary-Katy is hyphenated" [6](#page=6). * Compound names: "Mcdonald, one word, no capital letter for 'donald'" [6](#page=6). * Ending letters: "Beheydt, that is with a d and a t at the end" [6](#page=6). * Double letters: "Hamond, with one m in the middle, not two," or "Matt, double t" [6](#page=6). #### 2.1.2 Talking about your age When discussing age, you can state it directly as "I am 24". This can be expanded to "I am 24 years old" or, more formally, "I am 24 years of age". You can also express it numerically, "I am twenty-four years" [7](#page=7). #### 2.1.3 Nationalities Expressing nationality involves using adjectives that describe a person's origin [7](#page=7). * She is American [7](#page=7). * Are you Belgian? [7](#page=7). * They are French/Frenchmen/French people [7](#page=7). #### 2.1.4 Civil status Civil status refers to one's marital and relationship situation [8](#page=8). * **In a relationship:** If you have a boyfriend or girlfriend [8](#page=8). * **Married:** If you have a husband or wife. The term "spouse" can be used for either [8](#page=8). * **Widowed:** If your spouse has passed away [8](#page=8). * **Divorced:** If a legal separation from a husband, wife, or partner has occurred [8](#page=8). * **Separated:** If you are no longer living with your spouse or partner [8](#page=8). * **Single:** If you do not have a partner [8](#page=8). * **Cohabiting/in a civil union:** If you share a home with a partner without being married. This is also referred to as "habitation" [8](#page=8). #### 2.1.5 Talking about your profession Discussing your profession involves various related terms and grammatical nuances [8](#page=8). * **Key Terms:** * **Line of work/line of business:** Refers to a specific industry or sector, e.g., "banking" [8](#page=8). * **Exciting:** Means "spannend, boeiend" [8](#page=8). * **Headquarters (HQ):** The main office of a company. It's always plural but can take a singular or plural verb (e.g., "our headquarters is/are in Amsterdam") [8](#page=8). * **To involve:** To include or consist of [8](#page=8). * **To provide:** To give or make available [8](#page=8). * **Taxation:** The system of charging taxes [8](#page=8). * **Grammar Note: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous** * Use the **present simple** to describe what your job generally involves as a regular occupation [8](#page=8). * Use the **present continuous** (be + -ing) to refer to current tasks, projects, or temporary jobs [8](#page=8). * *Example:* "John normally provides legal advice on taxation, but I am dealing with his clients now, as he is away on business" [8](#page=8). * **Vocabulary Note: Hierarchies and Reporting** * **Responsible for:** The person in charge of a task or department [9](#page=9). * **Responsible to / Report to:** The person to whom one answers or is accountable [9](#page=9). * **Senior vs. Junior Management:** Senior management (e.g., Sales Director) has higher rank and more responsibilities than junior management (e.g., Sales Manager) [9](#page=9). * *Example:* "The Sales Manager reports to the Sales Director" [9](#page=9). * **Distinguishing Professional Terms:** * **Job:** The work done regularly to earn money, often for a company or organization. Also used to describe the state of having work (e.g., "to look for/find work/a job," "to be out of work/a job") [9](#page=9). * **Work:** Used more generally for activities to earn money, either for others or oneself. It also refers to the balance between personal and professional life [9](#page=9). * **Post:** A formal term for a job, often in academia or government (e.g., "a teaching post") [9](#page=9). * **Position:** A more formal term, often referring to a job with significant responsibility in a company (e.g., "a managerial/senior position") [9](#page=9). * **Occupation:** The type of work someone usually does, often used on official forms (e.g., "State your name, age, and occupation"). Do not use it to refer to your own job (e.g., "I am an accountant," not "My occupation is accountant") [9](#page=9). * **Profession:** Work requiring special training and education, such as teaching, law, or medicine (e.g., "the legal profession") [10](#page=10). * **Career:** The type of work one pursues or hopes to pursue throughout life [10](#page=10). * **Vocation:** A career believed to be particularly suitable for an individual, even if difficult or poorly paid; one's "calling" [10](#page=10). #### 2.1.6 Giving your email address When providing an email address, be familiar with the terms for common symbols: * `.`: Dot [10](#page=10). * `-`: Hyphen [10](#page=10). * `_`: Underscore [10](#page=10). * `@`: At [10](#page=10). * `/`: (Forward) slash [10](#page=10). * `\`: Backslash [10](#page=10). ### 2.2 Talking about appearance Describing someone's appearance involves detailing their physical characteristics [10](#page=10). #### 2.2.1 Male appearance * **Facial features and hair:** Eyebrows stubble clean-shaven beard moustache [10](#page=10) [12](#page=12). * **Body features:** Broad shoulders skinny fattish plump stocky/well-built [10](#page=10) [11](#page=11). * **Skin and complexion:** Dark-skinned pale-skinned tanned [11](#page=11). * **Hair loss:** Go bald/be bald losing his hair/his hair is receding [11](#page=11) [12](#page=12). * **General condition:** In a good shape/condition [10](#page=10). * **Other:** Scar [10](#page=10) [12](#page=12). #### 2.2.2 Female appearance * **General attributes:** Pretty smooth tanned slim figure appearance [11](#page=11). * **Hair:** Hair long short shoulder-length cropped thick thin straight curly wavy fizzy [11](#page=11) [12](#page=12). * **Hair styles and features:** Spiky bob (hairstyle) fringe/pony parting ponytail [11](#page=11) [12](#page=12). * **Skin and aging:** Skin wrinkles go grey or white [11](#page=11) [12](#page=12). * **Other features:** Freckles tattoo pierced ears [12](#page=12). * **Pregnancy:** Be pregnant [11](#page=11). #### 2.2.3 Revision exercise terms * Eyebrow [11](#page=11). * Stubble [11](#page=11). * Bald [11](#page=11). * Beard [12](#page=12). * Moustache [12](#page=12). * Scar [12](#page=12). * Receding [12](#page=12). * Losing hair [12](#page=12). * Wrinkles [12](#page=12). * Clean-shaven [12](#page=12). * Curly hair [12](#page=12). * Freckles [12](#page=12). * Shoulder-length hair [12](#page=12). * Fringe, pony [12](#page=12). * Straight hair [12](#page=12). * Parting [12](#page=12). * Tattoo [12](#page=12). * Pierced ears [12](#page=12). * Ponytail [12](#page=12). ### 2.3 Talking about personality Describing personality involves identifying personal qualities and character traits, particularly in a work context [12](#page=12) [14](#page=14). #### 2.3.1 Personal qualities * **Ambition:** Having a strong desire to do well or be successful. Opposite: unambitious. Noun: ambition [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Self-confident:** Feeling sure about one's own ability. Opposite: insecure [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Generous:** Happy to give more money and help than is usual. Opposite: mean. Noun: generosity [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Impatient:** Not able to stay calm and wait. Opposite: patient [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Arrogant:** Thinking one is better than other people. Opposite: modest. Noun: arrogance [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Aggressive:** Likely to fight or argue. Noun: aggression [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Cheerful:** Feeling happy [12](#page=12). * **Easy-going:** Relaxed and not worried by what others do [12](#page=12). * **Energy:** The ability to be very active without getting tired. Adjective: energetic [12](#page=12). * **Responsible:** Able to act sensibly and intelligently. Opposite: irresponsible [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Crazy:** Having a mental illness or behaving in a strange way [12](#page=12). * **Honest:** Always telling the truth. Opposite: dishonest. Noun: honesty [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Hard-working:** Able to work with effort and for a long time. Opposite: lazy [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Tolerant:** Able to accept ideas one doesn’t agree with. Opposite: intolerant. Noun: tolerance [12](#page=12) [13](#page=13). * **Dull:** Boring [13](#page=13). * **Sense of humour:** The ability to laugh and see when something is funny [13](#page=13). * **Spontaneous:** Acting in an open and natural way, without worrying about what one says or does. Noun: spontaneity [13](#page=13). * **Happy-go-lucky:** Not caring or worrying about the future [13](#page=13). * **Down-to-earth:** Sensible and realistic in what one says or thinks [13](#page=13). * **Chatterbox:** A person who talks a lot. Adjective: chatty [13](#page=13). * **Passionate:** Very enthusiastic or interested in something. Noun: passion [13](#page=13). * **Considerate:** Always thinking about other people’s wishes and feelings; thoughtful. Opposite: inconsiderate [14](#page=14). * **Affection:** The feeling of being fond of someone [14](#page=14). * **Integrity:** The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles [14](#page=14). * **Pretentious:** Trying to appear important, intelligent, etc., to impress others [14](#page=14). * **Attribute:** A quality or feature of someone or something [14](#page=14). #### 2.3.2 Character in a work context When describing someone's character, especially in a professional setting, the following phrases and terms are relevant: * **What do you do of something/somebody:** To ask for an opinion or impression [14](#page=14). * **What’s your first impression of somebody/something:** To ask about the initial perception [14](#page=14). * **Character:** Can refer to an interesting or unusual person [14](#page=14). * **Quick-witted:** Able to think quickly and intelligently [14](#page=14). * **Shrewd:** Good at judging people and situations; astute [14](#page=14). * **Ruthless:** Determined to get what one wants without caring about others [14](#page=14). * **Take to somebody/something:** To start liking someone or something [14](#page=14). * **Come across (as):** To make a particular impression [14](#page=14). * **Pushy:** Trying hard to get what one wants, often rudely [14](#page=14). * **Conceited:** Thinking one is very important or clever [14](#page=14). * **Strike somebody (as something):** To give somebody a particular impression [14](#page=14). * **Conscientious:** Careful and diligent in one's work [14](#page=14). * **Trustworthy:** Able to be relied on as good and honest [14](#page=14). > **Tip:** When discussing professions, differentiate between general terms like "job" and "work" versus more specific terms like "post," "position," "occupation," "profession," "career," and "vocation". Pay attention to the grammatical differences between using the present simple for general job descriptions and the present continuous for current tasks [10](#page=10) [8](#page=8) [9](#page=9). > **Example:** To describe someone as very hardworking, you would say they are "hard-working". If they are exceptionally good at judging people, they are "shrewd" [12](#page=12) [14](#page=14). --- # Business communication through email Email is a crucial asynchronous communication tool in business, requiring specific structure, vocabulary, and an understanding of formal versus informal registers [15](#page=15) [16](#page=16). ### 3.1 Email vocabulary and structure Effective email communication relies on understanding its common terminology and organizational elements [15](#page=15) [16](#page=16). #### 3.1.1 Common email terms * **Inbox:** Where received emails are found [15](#page=15). * **Outbox:** Emails that are ready to be sent [15](#page=15). * **Sent items:** Emails that have been successfully sent [15](#page=15). * **Drafts:** Emails being worked on but not yet ready for sending [15](#page=15). * **Deleted items/trash:** Removed emails [15](#page=15). * **Reply:** To respond to a sender [15](#page=15). * **Reply all:** To respond to the sender and all other recipients [15](#page=15). * **Forward:** To send a received email to a third party [15](#page=15). * **Send and receive:** The action of transmitting and obtaining emails [15](#page=15). * **High priority:** Indicates an email is important and requires immediate attention [15](#page=15). * **Attachment:** A document sent along with an email [15](#page=15). * **Contacts:** Stores email addresses and other personal data [16](#page=16). * **Subject:** The topic or purpose of a message [16](#page=16). * **Venue:** The location of an event [16](#page=16). * **To forward:** To send an email on [16](#page=16). #### 3.1.2 Email structure and subject lines An email's structure is essential for clarity, with the subject line playing a vital role in conveying the message's content at a glance [16](#page=16). * **Subject line:** Should be brief, concise, and informative, allowing the recipient to quickly understand the email's purpose [16](#page=16). ### 3.2 Formal vs. informal emails: register The choice of vocabulary and phrasing depends on the desired level of formality, with distinct word choices differentiating formal and informal business communication [16](#page=16). #### 3.2.1 Formal vocabulary More formal language is often used for official communications, such as: * To receive [16](#page=16). * To inform [16](#page=16). * To assist [16](#page=16). * To contact [16](#page=16). * Convenient [16](#page=16). * Assistance [16](#page=16). * To reply [16](#page=16). * To regret [16](#page=16). * To postpone [16](#page=16). * To arrange [16](#page=16). * To enquire [16](#page=16). * To require [16](#page=16). #### 3.2.2 Informal vocabulary Less formal language is appropriate for more casual business interactions: * To get [16](#page=16). * To tell [16](#page=16). * To help [16](#page=16). * To get in touch [16](#page=16). * Ok [16](#page=16). * Help [16](#page=16). * To tell [16](#page=16). * To answer [16](#page=16). * To be sorry [16](#page=16). * To put off [16](#page=16). * To set up [16](#page=16). * To ask [16](#page=16). * To need [16](#page=16). > **Tip:** It is crucial to distinguish between "to inform" (to give information) and "to enquire" (to ask for information) [16](#page=16). ### 3.3 Useful phrases in business emails Certain phrases are commonly employed in business emails for various purposes, from initiating contact to concluding a message [16](#page=16) [21](#page=21) [22](#page=22). #### 3.3.1 Phrases for making enquiries * "I have been looking at your website" [22](#page=22). * "I can find no mention of discounts" [22](#page=22). * "If you have any further questions" [22](#page=22). #### 3.3.2 Phrases for replying to enquiries * "I am confident that we can supply" [22](#page=22). * "I would be happy to make a sample" [22](#page=22). * "We do offer quantity discounts" [22](#page=22). * "I also notice that you can personalize" [22](#page=22). #### 3.3.3 General useful phrases * **I look forward to + -ing form:** Expresses anticipation [21](#page=21). * Example: "I look forward to hearing from you" [21](#page=21). * **To advise someone:** Means to inform someone [21](#page=21). * **To acknowledge receipt of:** To confirm that something has been received [21](#page=21). ### 3.4 Key terms related to business transactions Understanding specific terminology is vital when discussing business dealings, product ranges, and financial matters [20](#page=20) [21](#page=21). * **Product range (PR):** The assortment of products a company offers [21](#page=21). * **Delivery times (DT):** When products will be shipped [21](#page=21). * **Prices and discounts (PD):** Information regarding costs and potential reductions [21](#page=21). * **Payments (P):** How transactions are processed [21](#page=21). * **A transfer:** An electronic movement of funds [21](#page=21). * **An account number:** A unique identifier for a bank account [21](#page=21). * **To incur a penalty:** To become liable for a fine [21](#page=21). * **A working day:** A day on which business is typically conducted [21](#page=21). * **To ship/to transport:** To move goods [21](#page=21). * **In-house/company internal:** Pertaining to operations within the company [21](#page=21). * **To trade in:** To exchange an old item for a new one as part of payment [21](#page=21). * **A cash back:** A sum of money returned to the customer as an incentive [21](#page=21). * **After invoice:** Payment due after receiving an invoice [21](#page=21). * **A deposit:** An initial payment made in advance [21](#page=21). > **Tip:** Be aware of the distinction between "to stock" (to build up inventory for sale) and "to store" (to put things away until needed) [20](#page=20). --- # Understanding companies and organizations This section provides a foundational understanding of companies and organisations, covering their profiles, structures, departments, cultures, and relevant business vocabulary. ### 4.1 Talking about companies This subsection introduces key vocabulary for discussing business operations and company characteristics. * **Produce/manufacture**: To make goods [17](#page=17). * **Supply**: To provide goods or services [17](#page=17). * **Specializes**: To concentrate on a particular area or subject [17](#page=17). * **Employee**: A person who is paid to work for a company or another person [17](#page=17). * **Based**: Located or situated in a particular place [17](#page=17). * **Subsidiary**: A company that is owned or controlled by another company [17](#page=17). * **Sales**: The activity of selling products or services [17](#page=17). * **Competitor/rival**: A person or company that is trying to win or be better than others in the same market [17](#page=17). ### 4.2 Company profile This subsection focuses on the information used to describe a company, including its products, market, and history. * **Key terms for company descriptions:** * **Automatic door**: A door that opens by itself [17](#page=17). * **Security**: Protection from danger or risk [17](#page=17). * **Swedish**: Relating to Sweden [17](#page=17). * **Competitors**: Companies that are trying to win customers from each other [17](#page=17). * **Company**: A commercial business [17](#page=17). * **It operates in**: The field or industry in which a company is active [17](#page=17). * **It specializes in**: The specific area a company focuses its expertise on [17](#page=17). * **It has sales of**: The total revenue generated from selling goods or services [17](#page=17). * **It provides/offers**: The products or services a company makes available [17](#page=17). * **Elements of a company profile:** * **Market**: The geographical area or sector where products are sold [17](#page=17). * **Unique selling proposition (USP)**: A feature or characteristic of a product or service that differentiates it from others and is used in advertising to persuade customers to buy it. Finding a USP can be challenging, especially in service industries [17](#page=17). * **Was founded**: The year or period when the company was established [17](#page=17). * **Source**: The origin from which goods or services are obtained [17](#page=17). * **Impact**: The effect or influence of the company's activities [17](#page=17). * **Expanded**: Grew in size or scope [17](#page=17). * **Run by**: Managed or controlled by [17](#page=17). * **CEO (Chief Executive Officer)**: The highest-ranking executive in a company [17](#page=17). * **Additional vocabulary for company descriptions:** * **To source**: To obtain goods from a particular place. For example, fish might be sourced daily from local ports [18](#page=18). * **A track record**: A history of past achievements or performance [18](#page=18). * **In a bad financial situation**: Experiencing financial difficulties [18](#page=18). ### 4.3 Company structure This subsection details the different physical locations and organisational units within a company. * **Key organisational locations and units:** * **Subsidiary**: A company controlled by a parent company [18](#page=18). * **Factory/plant**: A building where goods are manufactured [18](#page=18). * **Call centre**: A department that handles incoming or outgoing phone calls [18](#page=18). * **Service centre**: A location providing customer support or repairs [18](#page=18). * **Headquarters**: The main administrative centre of a company [18](#page=18). * **Distribution centre**: A facility for storing and dispatching goods [18](#page=18). * **Warehouse**: A building for storing large quantities of goods [18](#page=18). * **Outlet**: A retail shop or point of sale [18](#page=18). * **Matching terms to organisational units:** * Low stock levels typically relate to a **Warehouse** [18](#page=18). * Constant checks with the main company often occur in a **Subsidiary** [18](#page=18). * Handling transformations or service requests may happen at a **Call centre** [18](#page=18). * Delivery operations are managed by a **Distribution centre** [18](#page=18). * Manufacturing processes take place on a **Production line** within a **Factory/plant** [18](#page=18). * Strategic decisions and board meetings are often associated with **Headquarters**, where the AGM (Annual General Meeting) is fixed [18](#page=18). * Window displays are designed by the **Head office** and displayed at **Outlets** [18](#page=18). * Engineers working on repairs are typically found at a **Service centre** [18](#page=18). * **AGM (Annual General Meeting)**: A formal meeting where shareholders discuss the company's financial performance and other important matters from the previous year [18](#page=18). ### 4.4 Company departments This subsection lists and defines the various functional departments found within companies. * **Key company departments and their functions:** * **Legal**: Handles all legal matters and compliance [19](#page=19). * **IT (Information Technology)**: Manages computer systems, networks, and technological infrastructure [19](#page=19). * **Technical support**: Provides assistance with technical issues [19](#page=19). * **Marketing**: Promotes and sells products or services [19](#page=19). * **Training**: Develops and delivers employee development programs [19](#page=19). * **Customer services**: Assists customers with inquiries and issues [19](#page=19). * **Purchasing**: Acquires necessary goods and services for the company [19](#page=19). * **R&D (Research and Development)**: Focuses on innovation and developing new products or processes [19](#page=19). * **Production**: Manages the manufacturing or creation of goods [19](#page=19). * **HR (Human Resources)**: Manages employee relations, recruitment, and welfare [19](#page=19). * **Finance**: Oversees the company's financial planning, budgeting, and reporting [19](#page=19). * **Logistics**: Manages the flow of goods from origin to consumption [19](#page=19). * **Quality control**: Ensures products meet established standards [19](#page=19). * **Sales**: Responsible for selling products or services [19](#page=19). * **Administration**: Handles general office management and support tasks [19](#page=19). * **PR (Public Relations)**: Manages the company's image and communication with the public and media [19](#page=19). * **Verbs associated with department functions:** * **Recruit**: To hire new employees [19](#page=19). * **Buy**: To acquire goods or services [19](#page=19). * **Check**: To verify or control quality or status [19](#page=19). * **Arrange**: To organize or prepare [19](#page=19). * **Maintain**: To keep something in good condition [19](#page=19). * **Deal**: To conduct business or negotiate an agreement [19](#page=19). * **Manufacture**: To make products on a large scale [19](#page=19). * **Organize**: To arrange systematically [19](#page=19). * **Keep**: To maintain records or information [19](#page=19). * **Draw up**: To prepare a document, such as a contract or plan [19](#page=19). * **Specific department activities:** * **Administration** is associated with terms like paperwork and bureaucracy [19](#page=19). * **PR** deals with inquiries from journalists and broadcasts [19](#page=19). * **HR** activities include recruitment, training, and managing retirement [19](#page=19). * **Office types:** * **Open plan office**: An office layout without dividing walls, creating a large, single workspace [19](#page=19). ### 4.5 Company culture This subsection explores the different types of environments and values that characterize a company. * **Types of company culture:** * **Bureaucratic**: Characterized by a focus on paperwork and established procedures [19](#page=19). * **Decentralized**: Power and decision-making are distributed among multiple smaller groups or units [19](#page=19). * **Impersonal**: Lacking warmth or individual attention [19](#page=19). * **Caring**: Employees are treated with concern and support [19](#page=19). * **Democratic**: Employees have a say in decisions affecting them [19](#page=19). * **Market-driven**: Focused on meeting customer demand and outperforming competitors [19](#page=19). * **Centralized**: Authority and power are concentrated at a single point or with a few individuals [19](#page=19). * **Dynamic**: Characterized by energy, innovation, and rapid change [19](#page=19). * **Professional**: Operating with a high degree of expertise and ethical conduct [19](#page=19). * **Conservative**: Resistant to change and preferring tradition [19](#page=19). * **Hierarchical**: Organized in a strict system of ranks and levels of authority [19](#page=19). --- # Numerals and financial calculations in business This section details the correct usage of cardinal and ordinal numbers, how to spell out numbers, handle various currencies, and perform basic financial calculations relevant to business contexts. ### 5.1 Numerals Numerals encompass both cardinal numbers, which represent quantity (e.g., 1, 2, 3), and ordinal numbers, which indicate position or order (e.g., first, second, third) [22](#page=22). #### 5.1.1 Cardinal numbers #### 5.1.1.1 Use of "and" with cardinal numbers In British English (BE), the word "and" is typically used before the last two figures (tens and units) of a number exceeding 100. American English (AE) usage of "and" in this context is less common [23](#page=23). > **Tip:** Be mindful of regional differences in English when stating numbers, especially in formal business communication. #### 5.1.1.2 Distinguishing similar number endings Care must be taken to differentiate between numbers with similar sounds, such as "thirteen" and "thirty" or "fourteen" and "forty" [13](#page=13) [14](#page=14) [23](#page=23) . #### 5.1.1.3 Punctuation in numbers The convention for indicating decimal fractions and thousands differs: * A decimal point is used for decimal fractions (e.g., 3.5 is read as "three point five") [23](#page=23). * A comma is used to denote thousands (e.g., 2,400 is read as "two thousand four hundred") [23](#page=23). #### 5.1.1.4 Pronunciation of the figure 0 * In BE, 0 is usually read as "nought," while in AE, it is read as "zero" [24](#page=24). * "Zero" is specifically used for measurements, such as temperature [24](#page=24). * In sports, BE uses "nil" for a zero score in team games, and "love" in tennis to indicate no points [24](#page=24). * When numbers are stated figure by figure, such as telephone numbers, 0 is pronounced like the letter "o" (i.e., "oh") [24](#page=24). #### 5.1.1.5 Use of "a" or "one" with hundred, thousand, million The words "hundred," "thousand," and "million" cannot stand alone without a determiner (like "a," "one," or a numeral) preceding them [24](#page=24). * "A" is more common in informal English, whereas "one" is used for greater precision [24](#page=24). * For numbers over 100, we say "a/one hundred and twenty-five" [24](#page=24). * When referring to a number like 4,125, it is "four thousand one hundred and twenty-five," not "four thousand a hundred" [24](#page=24). * "One" is only used before "thousand" when followed by a number of hundreds [24](#page=24). * The units "hundred," "thousand," "million," and "billion" do not take a plural 's' when referring to a precise figure. For instance, 9,605,361 is read as "nine million six hundred and five thousand three hundred and sixty-one" [24](#page=24). * The plural forms "hundreds," "thousands," and "millions" are used for approximate amounts [24](#page=24). * Abbreviations for large numbers include: * Million = m [24](#page=24). * Billion = bn [24](#page=24). * Thousand = k [24](#page=24). #### 5.1.1.6 Using "hundred" for specific ranges "Eleven hundred," "twelve hundred," etc., can be used as alternatives to "one thousand one hundred," "one thousand two hundred," and so on. This is most prevalent for round numbers between 1,100 and 1,900, excluding multiples of 1,000 like 1,000, 2,000, etc. [24](#page=24). #### 5.1.1.7 Billion definition * In British English (BE), "billion" traditionally signifies a million million ($10^{12}$) [25](#page=25). * In American English (AE), "billion" signifies a thousand million ($10^9$), which is equivalent to the Dutch "miljard" [25](#page=25). #### 5.1.2 Ordinal numbers #### 5.1.2.1 Use with monarchs Ordinal numbers are employed after the names of monarchs [25](#page=25). * Henry VII is read as "Henry the eighth" [25](#page=25). * Louis XIV is read as "Louis the Fourteenth" [25](#page=25). #### 5.1.2.2 Dates When writing and reading dates, specific conventions are followed: * 1 June 202x is read as "the first of June" [25](#page=25). * 1st June 202x is read as "the first of June" or "June the first" [25](#page=25). * June 1, 202x is read as "June the first" [25](#page=25). * June 1st, 202x is read as "June the first" [25](#page=25). * Avoid formats like 2/4/98 as month and day order can be ambiguous [26](#page=26). The numbers of a year are typically spoken in two parts: * 1042 is read as "ten forty-two" [26](#page=26). * 1907 is read as "nineteen oh seven" [26](#page=26). * However, 1000 is "one thousand," and 1900 is "nineteen hundred" [26](#page=26). * For years in the 21st century, 2009 can be read as "two thousand (and) nine" or "twenty oh nine," and 2010 as "two thousand (and) ten" or "twenty ten" [26](#page=26). #### 5.1.2.3 Abbreviated ordinal numbers Ordinal numbers can be represented by figures followed by the last two letters of their written form, ideally not in superscript (e.g., 1st, 2nd) [26](#page=26). #### 5.1.2.4 Fractions Fractions are read as follows: * 1/8 = "one eighth" [26](#page=26). * 1/5 = "one fifth" [26](#page=26). * 1/4 = "one quarter" or "one fourth" [26](#page=26). * 3/4 = "three quarters" [26](#page=26). * 1/3 = "one third" [26](#page=26). * 2/3 = "two thirds" [26](#page=26). * 1/2 = "one half" [26](#page=26). * 8/10 = "eights tenths" [26](#page=26). * 5/1000 = "five thousandths" [26](#page=26). ### 5.2 Financial calculations #### 5.2.1 Basic operations The following terms and phrases are used for mathematical operations: 1. **Addition** (to add up): * Formal: "… plus … is/equals …" [26](#page=26). * Informal: "… and … is/make/makes …" [26](#page=26). 2. **Subtraction** (to subtract from): * Formal: "… minus … is/equals …" [26](#page=26). * Informal: "… take away … is/leaves/leaved …" [26](#page=26). * Example: "four from seven" for $7 - 4$ [26](#page=26). 3. **Multiplication** (to multiply): * Formal: "… multiplied by … is/equals …" [26](#page=26). * Informal: "… times … is/are/makes …" [26](#page=26). 4. **Division** (to divide): * Formal: "… divided by … is/equals …" [27](#page=27). * Informal: "… into … goes …" (e.g., for $9 \div 3$, "three into nine goes three") [27](#page=27). > **Example:** A complex calculation such as $(((1 + 6) - 2) \times 2) \div 2.5 = 4$ can be stated formally as "one plus six minus two multiplied by two divided by two point five equals four," or informally as "one and six take away two times two divided by two point five is four" [27](#page=27). #### 5.2.2 Percentage calculations * $10\%$ of $100$ is $10$, stated as "ten per cent of one hundred equals ten" [27](#page=27). ### 5.3 Quoting prices When quoting prices, it is essential to use the verb "to be". Currency amounts must be written out in full words [28](#page=28). #### 5.3.1 British currency * The official name is Pound Sterling, with the symbol GBP and ISO code GBP [27](#page=27). * One pound is equivalent to 1.21 euros [27](#page=27). * There are 100 pennies in a pound; "penny" is informal [27](#page=27). * A coin worth 1 pound is a "one-pound coin" [27](#page=27). * A banknote worth 5 pounds is "five pounds" or a "five-pound note" [27](#page=27). #### 5.3.1.1 Saying amounts of money (British) * 1p is read as "one penny" [28](#page=28). * 5p is read as "five pence" [28](#page=28). * GBP 2.46 is read as "two pounds forty-six," or less commonly, "two pounds and forty-six pennies" [28](#page=28). * Note: "Pence" is the plural for value, while "pennies" refers to the coins themselves [28](#page=28). #### 5.3.2 American currency * The currency is the Dollar, with the symbol USD and ISO code USD [28](#page=28). * One dollar is equivalent to 100 cents. "Bucks" is an informal term for dollar [28](#page=28). * Some coins have specific names: * One-cent coin = penny [28](#page=28). * Five-cent coin = nickel [28](#page=28). * Ten-cent coin = dime [28](#page=28). * Twenty-five cent coin = quarter [28](#page=28). #### 5.3.2.1 Saying amounts of money (American) * USD 5.39 is read as "five dollars thirty-nine," or less commonly, "five dollars (and) thirty-nine cents" [28](#page=28). #### 5.3.2.2 Writing amounts of money (American) * Two hundred dollars = two hundred dollars [28](#page=28). * Fifty cents = fifty cents [28](#page=28). * Two dollars fifty (cents) = two dollars fifty [28](#page=28). --- ## Common mistakes to avoid - Review all topics thoroughly before exams - Pay attention to formulas and key definitions - Practice with examples provided in each section - Don't memorize without understanding the underlying concepts

| Term | Definition | |------|------------| | Induction programme | A structured series of presentations or activities designed to familiarize new employees with the company, its policies, and procedures. | | Collocation | A combination of two or more words that are commonly used together in a way that sounds natural to native speakers, such as 'heavy rain' or 'make a decision'. | | Phrasal verb | A verb combined with a preposition or adverb, or both, to create a new meaning different from the original verb, for example, 'give up' or 'look forward to'. | | Virtual impressions | Perceptions or judgments formed about a company or person based on non-physical interactions, often through online presence or digital communication. | | Civil status | A person's marital status, which can include being single, married, divorced, widowed, or in a civil union or cohabiting. | | Headquarters (HQ) | The main administrative center or office of a company or organization, from which it is controlled and directed. | | Subsidiary | A company that is owned or controlled by another company, which is known as the parent company. | | USP (Unique Selling Proposition) | A feature of a product or service that differentiates it from competitors and is highlighted in advertising to persuade customers to buy. | | AGM (Annual General Meeting) | A formal meeting of shareholders or members of a public company, held once a year to discuss financial results and other important matters. | | Company culture | The shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that characterize an organization and guide its employees' actions and interactions. | | Asynchronous communication | Communication that does not occur in real-time, allowing participants to send and receive messages at different times, such as email. | | Cardinal numbers | Numbers used for counting, such as one, two, three, etc., that indicate quantity. | | Ordinal numbers | Numbers that denote the position of something in a series, such as first, second, third, etc. | | Decimal point | A symbol used in a number to separate the whole number part from the fractional part, particularly in American English. | | Pound sterling (£) | The official currency of the United Kingdom, also known as the pound, divided into 100 pence. | | Dollar ($) | The official currency of the United States and several other countries, divided into 100 cents. |